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Calculate the total cost and performance metrics for your computer build in English terminology
Complete Guide to Computer Parts in English (Các Bộ Phận Trên Máy Tính Bằng Tiếng Anh)
Introduction to Computer Components
A computer is composed of various hardware components that work together to perform computing tasks. Understanding these parts in English is essential for anyone studying computer science, working in IT, or simply wanting to build or upgrade their own PC. This comprehensive guide covers all major computer components with their English terminology, functions, and technical specifications.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often referred to as the “brain” of the computer. It performs most of the processing inside a computer and is responsible for executing instructions of computer programs.
Key CPU Components:
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logical operations
- CU (Control Unit): Manages instruction execution
- Registers: Small storage locations for quick data access
- Cache Memory: Small, fast memory that stores frequently used data
- Cores: Independent processing units within the CPU
- Threads: Virtual cores that allow for multitasking
Major CPU Manufacturers:
- Intel: Known for Core i3, i5, i7, and i9 series
- AMD (Advanced Micro Devices): Known for Ryzen series
CPU Socket Types:
| Manufacturer | Socket Type | Compatible Processors | Release Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intel | LGA 1700 | 12th/13th/14th Gen Core | 2021 |
| Intel | LGA 1200 | 10th/11th Gen Core | 2020 |
| AMD | AM5 | Ryzen 7000 series | 2022 |
| AMD | AM4 | Ryzen 1000-5000 series | 2016 |
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is a specialized processor designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. GPUs are crucial for gaming, video editing, and 3D rendering.
GPU Types:
- Integrated GPU: Built into the CPU (e.g., Intel UHD Graphics, AMD Radeon Vega)
- Dedicated GPU: Separate graphics card (e.g., NVIDIA GeForce, AMD Radeon)
Major GPU Manufacturers:
- NVIDIA: GeForce RTX series (e.g., RTX 4090, RTX 4080, RTX 4070)
- AMD: Radeon RX series (e.g., RX 7900 XTX, RX 6950 XT, RX 6800)
GPU Performance Comparison (2023):
| GPU Model | VRAM | Boost Clock (MHz) | TDP (W) | Relative Performance (1080p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NVIDIA RTX 4090 | 24GB GDDR6X | 2520 | 450 | 100% |
| AMD RX 7900 XTX | 24GB GDDR6 | 2500 | 355 | 92% |
| NVIDIA RTX 4080 | 16GB GDDR6X | 2505 | 320 | 85% |
| AMD RX 6950 XT | 16GB GDDR6 | 2310 | 335 | 78% |
| NVIDIA RTX 4070 | 12GB GDDR6X | 2475 | 200 | 65% |
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that temporarily stores data and machine code currently being used. It allows the computer to access data quickly, which significantly improves performance.
RAM Types:
- SRAM (Static RAM): Faster but more expensive, used for cache memory
- DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Slower but cheaper, used for main system memory
- SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM): Synchronized with the system bus
- DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM): Most common type in modern computers
DDR Generations:
| Generation | Release Year | Transfer Rate (MT/s) | Voltage (V) | Peak Bandwidth (GB/s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDR | 2000 | 200-400 | 2.5 | 3.2 |
| DDR2 | 2003 | 400-1066 | 1.8 | 8.5 |
| DDR3 | 2007 | 800-2133 | 1.5 | 17 |
| DDR4 | 2014 | 1600-3200 | 1.2 | 25.6 |
| DDR5 | 2020 | 3200-6400 | 1.1 | 48 |
Storage Devices
Storage devices retain data even when the computer is powered off. There are two main types of storage in modern computers: HDDs (Hard Disk Drives) and SSDs (Solid State Drives).
HDD (Hard Disk Drive):
- Uses magnetic storage on rotating platters
- Slower read/write speeds (80-160 MB/s)
- More affordable for large capacities
- Typical sizes: 3.5″ for desktops, 2.5″ for laptops
- Interface types: SATA, SAS
SSD (Solid State Drive):
- Uses flash memory with no moving parts
- Much faster read/write speeds (300-3500 MB/s for SATA, up to 7000 MB/s for NVMe)
- More expensive per GB than HDDs
- Form factors: 2.5″, M.2, PCIe add-in card
- Interface types: SATA, NVMe (PCIe)
Storage Interface Comparison:
| Interface | Max Theoretical Speed | Typical Real-World Speed | Common Form Factors | Protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SATA III | 600 MB/s | 500-550 MB/s (SSD) | 2.5″, 3.5″ | AHCI |
| NVMe (PCIe 3.0 x4) | 3940 MB/s | 3000-3500 MB/s | M.2, U.2, PCIe card | NVMe |
| NVMe (PCIe 4.0 x4) | 7880 MB/s | 5000-7000 MB/s | M.2, PCIe card | NVMe |
| NVMe (PCIe 5.0 x4) | 15760 MB/s | 10000-14000 MB/s | M.2, PCIe card | NVMe |
Motherboard
The motherboard (also called mainboard, system board, or logic board) is the primary printed circuit board in a computer. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the CPU, RAM, and storage devices.
Motherboard Components:
- CPU Socket: Where the processor is installed
- Chipset: Controls communication between components
- RAM Slots: Where memory modules are installed
- Expansion Slots: For adding components like GPUs (PCIe slots)
- Storage Connectors: SATA ports, M.2 slots
- Power Connectors: 24-pin ATX, 4/8-pin CPU power
- I/O Ports: USB, audio, Ethernet, etc.
- BIOS/UEFI Chip: Firmware for system initialization
- VRM (Voltage Regulator Module): Provides power to the CPU
Motherboard Form Factors:
| Form Factor | Size (mm) | Expansion Slots | RAM Slots | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATX | 305 × 244 | 7 | 4 | Full-size desktops |
| MicroATX | 244 × 244 | 4 | 4 | Mid-size desktops |
| Mini-ITX | 170 × 170 | 1 | 2 | Compact systems |
| EATX | 305 × 330 | 8+ | 8 | Workstations, servers |
Power Supply Unit (PSU)
The PSU (Power Supply Unit) converts electrical power from the wall outlet to the appropriate voltages needed by the computer components. It’s one of the most critical components as poor quality PSUs can damage other components.
PSU Specifications:
- Wattage: Total power output (e.g., 500W, 750W, 1000W)
- Efficiency Rating: 80 PLUS (White, Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Titanium)
- Modularity:
- Non-modular: All cables fixed
- Semi-modular: Essential cables fixed, others detachable
- Fully modular: All cables detachable
- Form Factor: ATX (standard), SFX (small form factor)
- Protection Features: OVP, UVP, OCP, OPP, SCP, OTP
80 PLUS Efficiency Certifications:
| Certification | 115V Efficiency | 230V Efficiency | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 80 PLUS White | 80%/80%/80% | 80%/80%/80% | Basic systems |
| 80 PLUS Bronze | 82%/85%/82% | 81%/85%/81% | Mid-range systems |
| 80 PLUS Silver | 85%/88%/85% | 85%/89%/85% | High-end systems |
| 80 PLUS Gold | 87%/90%/87% | 88%/92%/88% | Gaming PCs, workstations |
| 80 PLUS Platinum | 90%/92%/89% | 90%/94%/91% | High-performance systems |
| 80 PLUS Titanium | 90%/92%/94% | 92%/94%/90% | Extreme systems, servers |
Cooling Systems
Proper cooling is essential for maintaining optimal performance and longevity of computer components. Excessive heat can cause throttling (reduced performance) or even permanent damage to components.
Types of Cooling:
- Air Cooling:
- Uses heat sinks and fans
- Most common and affordable
- Low maintenance
- Liquid Cooling:
- Uses liquid coolant circulated through blocks
- More efficient at heat transfer
- Can be custom loops or AIO (All-In-One) units
- More expensive and requires more maintenance
- Passive Cooling:
- Uses heat sinks without fans
- Silent operation
- Less effective for high-power components
Cooling Solutions Comparison:
| Type | Cooling Performance | Noise Level | Maintenance | Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stock Cooler | Basic | Moderate | None | $0 (included) | Low-power CPUs |
| Aftermarket Air Cooler | Good | Low to Moderate | Minimal (dust cleaning) | $30-$80 | Mid-range systems |
| High-end Air Cooler | Excellent | Low | Minimal | $60-$100 | High-performance systems |
| 120mm AIO Liquid | Very Good | Low to Moderate | Minimal (fan cleaning) | $80-$120 | Gaming PCs |
| 240mm AIO Liquid | Excellent | Low | Minimal | $120-$180 | High-end gaming, overclocking |
| 360mm AIO Liquid | Outstanding | Low | Minimal | $160-$250 | Extreme overclocking |
| Custom Liquid Loop | Best | Very Low | High (fluid changes, maintenance) | $300-$1000+ | Enthusiast builds |
Computer Case
The computer case (also called chassis or tower) houses and protects all the internal components. It also plays a crucial role in airflow and cooling performance.
Case Types:
- Full Tower: Largest size, supports EATX motherboards, multiple GPUs
- Mid Tower: Most common size, supports ATX motherboards
- Mini Tower: Smaller than mid tower, supports MicroATX
- Small Form Factor (SFF): Very compact, supports Mini-ITX
- Rackmount: Designed for server racks
Case Features to Consider:
- Airflow: Mesh fronts, fan mounts, ventilation
- Cable Management: Routing holes, tie-down points
- Drive Bays: 3.5″, 2.5″ mounts for storage
- Expansion Slots: For GPUs and other cards
- Cooling Support: Fan sizes, radiator mounts
- I/O Panel: USB ports, audio jacks
- Aesthetics: RGB lighting, tempered glass panels
Peripheral Devices
Peripheral devices are external devices that connect to the computer to expand its functionality. These are not essential for basic operation but enhance the user experience.
Input Devices:
- Keyboard: Primary text input device
- Mouse: Pointing device for navigation
- Touchpad: Built-in pointing device on laptops
- Game Controller: For gaming (e.g., Xbox, PlayStation controllers)
- Graphics Tablet: For digital drawing
- Scanner: Converts physical documents to digital
- Microphone: Audio input device
- Webcam: Video input device
Output Devices:
- Monitor: Primary visual output (LCD, LED, OLED)
- Printer: Produces hard copies of documents
- Speakers/Headphones: Audio output
- Projector: Displays computer output on large surfaces
Storage Devices:
- External HDD/SSD: Portable storage
- USB Flash Drive: Small, portable storage
- Memory Card: Used in cameras and mobile devices
- Optical Drives: CD/DVD/Blu-ray drives (less common now)
Building a Computer: Step-by-Step Guide
Building your own computer can be a rewarding experience that results in a customized system tailored to your needs. Here’s a step-by-step guide to assembling a PC:
- Plan Your Build:
- Determine your budget and needs (gaming, workstation, general use)
- Research compatible components
- Use PC part picker websites to check compatibility
- Prepare Your Workspace:
- Clean, well-lit surface
- Anti-static wrist strap (recommended)
- Basic tools (screwdriver, zip ties)
- Install the Power Supply:
- Place PSU in case (usually bottom rear)
- Secure with screws
- Route cables neatly
- Install the Motherboard:
- Install standoffs in case
- Place motherboard and secure with screws
- Install CPU, RAM, and M.2 SSDs before mounting (easier access)
- Install the CPU:
- Lift the CPU socket lever
- Align CPU correctly (look for triangle marker)
- Gently place CPU in socket (don’t force it)
- Secure with lever
- Install CPU Cooler:
- Apply thermal paste (if not pre-applied)
- Mount cooler according to instructions
- Connect fan to CPU_FAN header
- Install RAM:
- Open clips on RAM slots
- Align notch and press firmly until clips snap
- Install in recommended slots (check motherboard manual)
- Install Storage Drives:
- Mount 2.5″ SSDs or 3.5″ HDDs in drive bays
- Install M.2 SSDs in M.2 slots
- Connect SATA power and data cables
- Install GPU:
- Remove case expansion slot covers
- Align GPU with PCIe slot
- Press down until it clicks
- Secure with screws to case
- Connect PCIe power cables
- Connect Case Cables:
- Power button, reset button
- USB, audio front panel connectors
- RGB lighting (if applicable)
- Fan connectors
- Final Checks:
- Ensure all cables are connected
- Check for loose screws
- Verify no tools left inside case
- Power On:
- Connect monitor, keyboard, mouse
- Plug in power cable
- Press power button
- Enter BIOS to check component recognition
- Install Operating System:
- Create bootable USB with OS
- Boot from USB and follow installation
- Install drivers
Common Computer Terms in English
Here’s a glossary of essential computer terms in English that every computer user should know:
| Vietnamese Term | English Term | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Bộ xử lý | Processor / CPU | The central processing unit that executes instructions |
| Card màn hình | Graphics Card / GPU | Handles graphical processing and output to display |
| Bộ nhớ RAM | RAM (Random Access Memory) | Temporary memory for active programs and data |
| Ổ cứng | Hard Drive / HDD | Magnetic storage device for long-term data |
| Ổ SSD | Solid State Drive / SSD | Flash memory storage with no moving parts |
| Bo mạch chủ | Motherboard | Main circuit board connecting all components |
| Nguồn máy tính | Power Supply Unit / PSU | Converts AC power to DC for computer components |
| Thùng máy | Computer Case / Chassis | Enclosure that houses computer components |
| Quạt tản nhiệt | Cooling Fan | Moves air to cool components |
| Hệ điều hành | Operating System / OS | Software that manages hardware and software resources |
| Card mạng | Network Interface Card / NIC | Allows computer to connect to a network |
| Card âm thanh | Sound Card | Handles audio input and output |
| Cổng USB | USB Port | Universal Serial Bus connection for peripherals |
| Cổng HDMI | HDMI Port | High-Definition Multimedia Interface for audio/video |
| Cổng DisplayPort | DisplayPort | Digital display interface |
| Bàn phím | Keyboard | Input device with keys for typing |
| Chuột | Mouse | Pointing device for navigation |
| Màn hình | Monitor / Display | Output device that shows visual information |
| Loa | Speakers | Audio output devices |
| Tai nghe | Headphones / Headset | Personal audio output (and input for headsets) |
| Máy in | Printer | Creates hard copies of digital documents |
| Máy quét | Scanner | Converts physical documents to digital format |
Authoritative Resources for Computer Hardware
For those interested in learning more about computer hardware in English, here are some authoritative resources:
- Intel Official Website – Comprehensive information about Intel processors and technologies
- AMD Official Website – Detailed specifications for AMD processors and GPUs
- NVIDIA Official Website – Information about NVIDIA graphics cards and technologies
- CPU-World – Detailed database of processors with specifications and comparisons
- Tom’s Hardware – Comprehensive reviews and guides for computer hardware
- AnandTech – In-depth technical analysis of computer components
- PC Gamer – Hardware reviews and gaming PC guides
For academic resources on computer architecture:
- Stanford University Computer Science – Research and educational materials on computer systems
- MIT EECS (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science) – Advanced research in computer hardware and architecture
- NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) – Standards and measurements for computer systems
Conclusion
Understanding computer components in English is essential in today’s globalized technology landscape. Whether you’re a student, professional, or enthusiast, knowing the proper English terminology for computer parts (các bộ phận trên máy tính bằng tiếng Anh) will help you in research, communication, and technical work.
This guide has covered all major computer components with their English names, functions, and technical specifications. We’ve also provided a step-by-step guide to building a computer and a comprehensive glossary of terms. For those looking to deepen their knowledge, the authoritative resources listed will provide additional valuable information.
Remember that computer technology evolves rapidly, so staying updated with the latest developments is important. The calculator at the top of this page can help you plan your computer build by estimating costs and performance metrics for different component combinations.